Introductory matter

DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.

[Murderer 1], [Murderer 2], [Murderer 3], [Lords], [Spirit 1], [Spirit 2], [Spirit 3], [Spirit 4], [Spirit 5], [Spirit 6], [Apparition 1], [Chorus], [Apparition 2], [Apparition 3]

VOCAL STRENGTH ENGAGED FOR THE OCCASION.

Miss POOLE, Mr. MANVERS, Mr. H. DRAYTON, Mr. S. JONES.

Messrs. Galli, Simmonds, Beale, Butler, Frost, Ludford, Graham, Fortescue, Ball, Grundy, Temple, Skelton, Cowlrick, Day, Macarthy, Mucklow, Sharpe, Sapio, Griffin, Fleetwood, Foster, W. Price, J. Price, Morgan, Windsor, Charles, Hammond.

Mesdames Beale, Hughes, Byers, Goldsmith, Atkinson, Cronin, Barnett, Taylor, Jackson, Boden, II. Boden, Deither, Gledhill, Grundy, Brennan, Temple, Pawsey, Galli, Smithson, Gruà, Morgan, Keebil, Robertson.

Duncan (King of Scotland)	Mr. F. COOKE.
Malcolm (His Son)	Mr. J. F. CATHCART,
Donalbain (His Son)	Miss HASTINGS.
Macbeth (General of the King's Army	Mr. CHARLES KEAN.
Banquo (General of the King's Army)	Mr. GRAHAM.
Macduff (Nobleman of Scotland)	Mr. RYDER.
Lenox [Lennox] (Nobleman of Scotland)	Mr. G. EVERETT.
Rosse [Ross] (Nobleman of Scotland)	Mr. J. VINING.
Menteith (Nobleman of Scotland)	Mr. MORRIS.
Angus (Nobleman of Scotland)	Mr. BRAZIER.
Caithness (Nobleman of Scotland)	Mr. STOAKES.
Fleance (Son to Banquo)	Miss KATE TERRY.
Siward (Earl of Northumberland, General of the English Forces)	Mr. TERRY.
Seyton (an Officer attending on Macbeth)	Mr. PAULO.
Physician [Scotch Doctor]	Mr. J. CHESTER.
Wounded Soldier [Sergeant]	Mr. HERMANN VEZIN.
Officers [Officer]	Mr. J. COLLETT, Mr. DALY. Mr. ROLLESTON.
Apparitions	Mr. COLLIS, Miss J. LOVELL, Miss DESBOROUGH.
Lady Macbeth	Mrs. CHARLES KEAN.
Gentlewoman (attending on Lady Macbeth)	Mrs. W. DALY.
Hecate	Mr. H. DRAYTON.
Witches [Witch 1], [Witch 2], [Witch 3]	Mr. MEADOWS, Mr. H. SAKER.

The Scenery Painted under the Direction of Mr. Grieve. The Vocal Music under the Superintendence of Mr. J. L. Hatton. The Machinery by Mr. G. Hodsdon. The tragedy of Macbeth was performed at the Royal Theatricals at Windsor Castle, under the management of Mr. Charles Kean, on Friday, 4th February, 1853.

^note

PREFACE

The success which attended the production of King John, in 1852, at the Princess's Theatre, encouraged me to attempt a second Shakespearian revival on the same scale, in the following season. Macbeth was first acted on the 14th of February, 1853. The very uncertain information, however, which we possess respecting the dress worn by the inhabitants of Scotland in the eleventh century, renders any attempt to present this tragedy attired in the costume of the period a task of very great difficulty. I hope, therefore, I may not be deemed presumptuous if I intrude a few words upon the subject, and endeavour to explain upon what authorities I have based my opinions.

In the absence of any positive information handed down to us upon this point, I have borrowed materials from those nations to whom Scotland was constantly opposed in war. The continual inroads of the Norsemen, and the invasion of Canute, in 1031, who, combining in his own person the sovereignty of England, Norway, and Denmark, was the most

powerful monarch of his time, may have taught, at least, the higher classes, the necessity of adopting the superior weapons and better defensive armour of their enemies; for these reasons I have introduced the tunic, mantle, cross gartering, and ringed byrne of the Danes and Anglo-Saxons, between whom it does not appear that any very material difference existed; retaining, however, the peculiarity of “the striped and chequered garb,” which seems to be generally admitted as belonging to the Scotch long anterior to the history of this play; together with the eagle feather in the helmet, which, according to Gaelic tradition, was the distinguishing mark of a chieftain. Party-coloured woollens and cloths appear to have been commonly worn among the Celtic tribes from a very early period.

Diodorus Siculus and Pliny allude to this peculiarity in their account of the dress of the Belgic Gauls; Strabo, Pliny, and Xiphilin, record the dress of Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, as being woven chequer-wise, of many colours, comprising purple, light and dark red, violet, and blue.

There is every reason to believe, that the armour and weapons of the date of Macbeth were of rich workmanship.

Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, is described by Snorre as wearing in the battle with Harold II., King of England, A. D. 1066, a blue tunic, and a splendid helmet. The Norwegians not having expected

a battle that day, are said to have been without their coats of mail.

This mail appears to have been composed of iron rings or bosses, sewn upon cloth or leather, like that of the Anglo-Saxons. Thorlef, a young Icelandic, or Norwegian warrior of the tenth century, is mentioned in the Eyrbiggia Saga as wearing a most beautiful dress, and it is also said that his arms and equipments were extremely splendid.

The seals and monuments of the early kings and nobles of Scotland represent them as armed and attired in a style similar to their Anglo-Norman contemporaries. Meyrick, in his celebrated work on ancient armour, gives a plate of Alexander I., who commenced his reign in 1107 (only fifty years after the death of Macbeth), and there we find him wearing a hauberk, as depicted in Saxon illuminations, over a tunic of red and blue cloth.

The Earl of Huntingdon, who succeeded Alexander, under the title of David I., is represented on horseback, in his seal, wearing a tunic to the knee, which C. H. Smith (one of our most distinguished authorities, to whom I am deeply indebted on this, as on all former occasions), in his work on the ancient costume of England, describes as being party coloured. In the same volume he gives the figure of a Scotch knight of the time of Edward I., 1306, who holds a spear of a leaf-shaped blade; on his head he wears a small skull-cap of steel, like

some of the ancient Anglo-Saxon warriors of the eleventh century, and he is habited in a surcoat of cloth, descending to the knee, very much resembling a kind of tartan. Siward, Earl of Northumberland, and his son, who, with their followers, were despatched by King Edward the Confessor, to the aid of Malcolm, I have equipped in the leathern suits called Corium or Corietum, which were introduced among the Saxons in the ninth century, and are described as having been worn by Earl Harold's soldiers in 1063, in his war with the Welsh. In the Life of St. Colomba, written in Latin by Adomnan, one of his successors, in the early part of the seventh century, and translated into English by Dr. John Smith, D.D., in 1798, we are told that the monks at that time were clothed in the skins of beasts, though latterly they had woollen stuffs, manufactured by themselves, and linen, probably imported from the continent. The houses were made of wicker, or wands, woven on stakes, which were afterwards plastered with clay; and even the Abbey of Iona was built of the same rude materials.

Roderick, King of Strathclyde, is mentioned by Ducange as sleeping on a feather bed about this date, so that even in those primitive ages luxuries were known among the great.

In the four centuries and a half which intervened between the death of St. Colomba and the reign of Macbeth, it is reasonable to presume that considerable

improvements took place among the Scotch, and that the fashion of their dress and buildings was borrowed from their more civilized neighbours. Under these considerations, the architecture, previous to the Norman conquest, has been adopted throughout the play. During the five centuries which preceded that event, the Anglo-Saxons made great advances, and erected many castles and churches of considerable importance; they excelled in iron work, and ornamented their buildings frequently with colour. On this subject I have availed myself of the valuable knowledge of George Godwin, Esq., F.R.S., of the Royal Institute of Architects, to whose suggestions I take this opportunity of acknowledging my obligation.

MACBETH. ACT I. SCENE I. —AN OPEN PLACE. A MIST. THUNDER AND LIGHTNING. Three Witches discovered.

1st. Witch.
When shall we three meet again
In thunder, lightning, or in rain?

2nd Witch.
When the hurlyburly's^{1 note}

3rd Witch.
That will be ere set of sun.

1st Witch.
Where the place?

2nd Witch.
Upon the heath:

3rd Witch.
There to meet with Macbeth.

1st Witch.
I come, Graymalkin!^{2 note}

All.
Paddock^{3 note}

SCENE II. —CAMP NEAR FORES. SITE OF SWENO'S PILLAR. Enter King Duncan, Malcolm, Donalbain, Lenox, with Attendants, L., meeting a bleeding Soldier, R.

Dun.
What bloody man is that? He can report,
As seemeth by his plight, of the revolt
The newest state.

Mal.
This is the sergeant,
Who, like a good and hardy soldier, fought
'Gainst my captivity:—Hail, brave friend!
Say to the king the knowledge of the broil,
As thou didst leave it.

Sol.
Doubtfully it stood,
As two spent swimmers, that do cling together,
And choke their art. The merciless Macdonwald^{1 note}
From the western isles
Of Kernes and Gallowglasses^{2 note}

And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling,
Show'd like a rebel's whore: But all's too weak:
For brave Macbeth, (well he deserves that name,)
Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel,
Which smok'd with bloody execution,
Like valour's minion,
Carv'd out his passage till he fac'd the slave;
And ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him,
Till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chaps,
And fix'd his head upon our battlements.

Dun.
O valiant cousin! worthy gentleman!

Sol.
Mark, king of Scotland, mark:
No sooner justice had, with valour arm'd,
Compell'd these skipping Kernes to trust their heels;
But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,
With surbish'd arms, and new supplies of men,
Began a fresh assault.

Dun.
Dismay'd not this
Our captains, Macbeth and Banquo?

Sol.
Yes;
As sparrows, eagles; or the hare, the lion.
But I am faint, my gashes cry for help.

Dun.
So wel! thy words become thee, as thy wounds;
They smack of honour both:—Go, get him surgeons. [The Soldier is supported off, L.
Who comes here?

Mal.
The worthy Thane^{3 note} of Rosse.

Len.
What a haste looks through his eyes! So should he look,
That comes to speak things strange.

Enter Rosse, R.

Ros.
God save the king!

Dun.
Whence cam'st thou, worthy Thane?

Ros.
From Fife, great king,
Where the Norweyan banners flout the sky,
And fan our people cold.
Norway himself, with terrible numbers,
Assisted by that most disloyal traitor
The Thane of Cawdor, 'gan a dismal conflict:
Till that Bellona's bridegroom,^{4 note} lapt in proof,^{5 note}
Confronted him with self-comparisons.
Point against point rebellious, arm 'gainst arm,
Curbing his lavish spirit: And, to conclude,
The victory fell on us;—

Dun.
Great happiness!

Ros.
That now
Sweno, the Norways' king, craves composition;
Nor would we deign him burial of his men,
Till he disbursed, at Saint Colmes' inch,(A)8Q0161
Ten thousand dollars to our general use.

Dun.
No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
Our bosom interest:—Go, pronounce his present death,
And with his former title greet Macbeth.

Ros.
I'll see it done.

Dun.
What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won. [Exeunt Duncan and Nobles, L., Rosse, Angus, and two others, R. SCENE III. —A HEATH. THUNDER. Enter the Three Witches, R. and L.

1st Witch.
Where hast thou been, sister?

2nd Witch.
Killing swine.

3rd Witch.
Sister, where thou?

1st Witch.
A sailor's wife had chesnuts in her lap,

And mounch'd, and mounch'd, and mounch'd:—
  ‘Give me,’ quoth I:
‘Aroint thee, witch!’^{1 note}the rump-fed ronyon^{2 note} cries.
Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o' the Tiger:
But in a sieve I'll thither sail,^{3 note}

2nd Witch.
I'll give thee a wind.

1st Witch.
Thou art kind.

3rd Witch.
And I another.

1st Witch.
I myself have all the other;
And the very ports they blow,
All the quarters that they know
I' the shipman's card^{5 note} “to show.”^{6 note}
I will drain him dry as hay:
Sleep shall, neither night nor day,
Hang upon his pent-house lid;
He shall live a man forbid:^{7 note}

Weary sev'n-nights nine times nine,
Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine:^{8 note}

2nd Witch.
Show me, show me.

1st Witch.
Here I have a pilot's thumb,
Wreck'd as homeward he did come. (Drum within)

3rd Witch.
A drum, a drum;
Macbeth doth come.

All. (they join hands, and go round whilst speaking)
The weird sisters,^{9 note} hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go about, about;
Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine;
And thrice again, to make up nine:
Peace!—the charm's wound up.

Macbeth. (without)
Command they make a halt upon the heath.

Voices. (without)
Halt,—halt,—halt!

Enter Macbeth and Banquo, L. U. E.

Macbeth.
So foul and fair a day I have not seen.

Ban.
How far is't call'd to Fores?—What are these,
So wither'd and so wild in their attire;
That look not like the inhabitants o' the earth,
And yet are on't?—Live you? or are you aught
That man may question? Yo seem to understand me.
By each at once her choppy finger laying
Upon her skinny lips:—You should be women,
And yet your beards forbid me to interpret
That you are so.

Macbeth.
Speak, if you can;—What are you?

1st Witch.
All hail,^{10 note} Macbeth! hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!

2nd Witch.
All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!

3rd Witch.
All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be King hereafter!

Ban.
Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear
Things that do sound so fair?—I' the name of truth,
Are ye fantastical,^{11 note} or that indeed
Which outwardly ye show? My noble partner
You greet with present grace, and great prediction
Of noble having, and of royal hope,
That he seems wrapt withal; to me you speak not:
If you can look into the seeds of time.
And say which grain will grow, and which will not;
Speak then to me, who neither beg, nor fear,
Your favours, nor your hate.

1st Witch.
Hail!

2nd Witch.
Hail!

3rd Witch.
Hail!

1st Witch.
Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.

2nd Witch.
Not so happy, yet much happier.

3rd Witch.
Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none.

Witches.
So, all hail, Macbeth and Banquo!
Banquo, and Macbeth, all hail!

Macbeth.
Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more:
By Sinel's death,^{12 note} I know, I am Thane of Glamis;
But how of Cawdor? the Thane of Cawdor lives,
A prosperous gentleman; and, to be king,
Stands not within the prospect of belief,
No more than to be Cawdor. Say, from whence
You owe this strange intelligence? or why
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way
With such prophetic greeting? Speak, I charge you. [Witches vanish.(B)8Q0162

Ban.
The earth hath bubbles, as the water has,
And these are of them;—Whither are they vanish'd?

Macbeth.
Into the air; and what seem'd corporal, melted
As breath into the wind.—'Would they had staid!

Ban.
Were such things here, as we do speak about?
Or have we eaten of the insane root,^{13 note}
That takes the reason prisoner?

Macbeth.
Your children shall be kings.

Ban.
You shall be a king.

Macbeth.
And Thane of Cawdor too; went it not so?

Ban.
To the self-same tune, and words. Who's here? Enter Rosse and Angus, R.

Ros.
The king hath happily receiv'd, Macbeth,
The news of thy success: and when he reads
Thy personal venture in the rebels' fight,
His wonders and his praises do contend,
Which should be thine, or his: Silenc'd with that,
In viewing o'er the rest o' the self-same day,

He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks,
Nothing afeard of what thyself didst make,
Strange images of death. As thick as tale,^{14 note}
Came post with post; and every one did bear
Thy praises in his kingdom's great defence,
And pour'd them down before him.

Ang.
We are sent,
To give thee, from our royal master, thanks;
To herald thee into his sight, not pay thee.

Ros.
And, for an earnest of a greater honour,
He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor:
In which addition, hail, most worthy Thane!
For it is thine.

Ban. (aside, L.)
What, can the devil speak true?

Macbeth.
The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me
In borrow'd robes?

Ang.
Who was the Thane, lives yet;
But under heavy judgment bears that life
Which he deserves to lose. Whether he was
Combin'd with Norway; or did line the rebel
With hidden help and vantage; or that with both
He labour'd in his country's wreck, I know not;
But treasons capital, confess'd and prov'd,
Have overthrown him.

Macbeth.
Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor:
The greatest is behind. (aside) Thanks for your pains.—
Do you not hope your children shall be kings,
When those that gave the Thane of Cawdor to me,
Promised no less to them?

Ban.
That, thrusted home,
Might yet enkindle you unto the crown,
Besides the Thane of Cawdor. But 'tis strange:
And oftentimes, to win us to our harm,
The instruments of darkness tell us truths;
Win us with honest trifles, to betray us
In deepest consequence.—
Cousins, a word, I pray you. [retiring with them.

Macbeth.
Two truths are told,

As happy prologues to the swelling act
Of the imperial theme. I thank you, gentlemen.—
This supernatural soliciting^{15 note}
Cannot be ill; cannot be good:—If ill,
Why hath it given me earnest of success,
Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor;
If good, why do I yield to that suggestion
Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair,
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs,
Against the use of nature? Present fears
Are less than horrible imaginings:
My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,
Shakes so my single state of man, that function
Is smother'd in surmise; and nothing is,
But what is not.^{16 note}

Ban.
Look, how our partner's rapt.

Macbeth.
If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me,
Without my stir.

Ban.
New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
But with the aid of use.

Macbeth.
Come what come may;
Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.

Ban.
Worthy Macbeth, we stay upon your leisure.

Macbeth.
Give me your favour:—my dull brain was wrought
With things forgotten. Kind gentlemen, your pains
Are register'd where every day I turn
The leaf to read them. Let us toward the king.
Think upon what hath chanced; and, at more time,
The interim having weigh'd it, let us speak
Our free hearts each to other. (aside to Banquo)

Ban.
Very gladly.

Macbeth.
Till then, enough. Come, friends. Exeunt, R.

SCENE IV. —INTERIOR OF THE PALACE AT FORES. Enter Duncan, Malcolm, Donalbain, Lenox, and Attendants, L.

Dun.
Is execution done on Cawdor? Are not
Those in commission yet returned?

Mal.
My liege,
They are not yet come back. But I have spoke
With one that saw him die: who did report,
That very frankly he confess'd his treasons:
Implor'd your highness' pardon; and set forth
A deep repentance: nothing in his life
Became him, like the leaving it; he died
As one that had been studied in his death,
To throw away the dearest thing he ow'd,
As 'twere a careless trifle.(C)8Q0163

Dun.
There's no art,
To find the mind's construction in the face:
He was a gentleman on whom I built
An absolute trust. O worthiest cousin! Enter Macbeth, Banquo, Rosse, and Angus R.
The sin of my ingratitude even now
Was heavy on me: thou art so far before,
That swiftest wing of recompense is slow
To overtake thee. Would thou hadst less deserv'd,
That the proportion both of thanks and payment
Might have been more! only I have left to say,
More is thy due than more than all can pay.

Macbeth.
The service and the loyalty I owe
In doing it, pays itself. Your highness' part
Is to receive our duties; and our duties
Are to your throne and state, children, and servants;
Which do but what they should, by doing everything
Safe toward your love and honour.

Dun.
Welcome hither:
I have begun to plant thee, and will labour

To make thee full of growing.^{1 note} Noble Banquo,
Thou hast no less deserv'd, nor must be known
No less to have done so; let me enfold thee,
And hold thee to my heart.

Ban.
There if I grow,
The harvest is your own.

Dun.
My plenteous joys,
Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves
In drops of sorrow. Sons, kinsmen, thanes,
And you whose places are the nearest, know,
We will establish our estate upon
Our eldest Malcolm, whom we name hereafter.
The Prince of Cumberland:(D)8Q0164 which honour must
Not, unaccompanied, invest him only,
But signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shine
On all deservers. From hence to Inverness,
And bind us further to you.

Macbeth.
The rest is labour, which is not used for you:
I'll be myself the harbinger, and make joyful
The hearing of my wife with your approach;
So, humbly take my leave.

Dun.
My worthy Cawdor!

Macbeth.
The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step
On which I must fall down, or else o'er-leap, (aside)
For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires!
Let not light see my black and deep desires:
The eye wink at the hand! yet let that be,
Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. [Exit, R.

Dun.
True, worthy Banquo; he is full so valiant ^note
And in his commendations I am fed;
It is a banquet to me. Let us after him,
Whose care is gone before to bid us welcome:
It is a peerless kinsman. [Exeunt, R.

SCENE V. —A ROOM IN MACBETH'S CASTLE AT INVERNESS. Enter Lady Macbeth, reading a letter, R.

Lady M.

“They met me in the day of success; and I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge. When I burned in desire to question them further, they made themselves—air, into which they vanished. Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all hailed me, ‘Thane of Cawdor;’ by which title, before, these weird sisters saluted me, and referred me to the coming on of time, with ‘Hail, king that shalt be!’ This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightest not lose the dues of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee. Lady it to thy heart, and farewell.”